Geographical Analysis in the Scientific Research and Modelling vs GIS Free Essay Example, 2500 words

After the couple has an opportunity to review the household income data for the various areas of their city/county where they want to locate their store, they can use a GIS-generated map to show in very visual form what areas of the city correspond to the income data. In this form, the relative income levels are much more understandable when pegged to areas on the map instead of a printed table. One of the best features of a GIS is the ability to layer different types of maps atop one-another, allowing users to visualize information in a manner that makes the data more understandable than each individual layer would have been alone. In this case, the sum of the parts is infinitely more than the layers would have been separate. Returning to our example, let us assume that John and Mary are able to view a GIS map that shows household income figures from U. S. Census data. With this, they are able to locate an area where the income level matches perfectly the price range of the clothin g they wish to offer. We will write a custom essay sample on Geographical Analysis in the Scientific Research and Modelling vs GIS or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

An Observation Report On The Court System Essay - 1563 Words

For this observation report, I went to the Cobb County Superior Court on October 26, 2016, from 9:00 AM to 11:30 AM. I observed Judge Reuben Green because he was one of the judges recommended to observe. I decided to observe a court proceeding because I wanted to become less ignorant about how the court system works. There is not much of drama in my family, or at least the kids (myself included) are kept away from complicated drama. Accordingly, I have never had any real-life exposure to the court system before October 26th. All my knowledge about the court system is what I see on television and small things I learned in school. My favorite show involving the court system is How to Get Away with Murder, which is about law students who were involved in different murders and try to hide the evidence. I had many expectations for this experience. For the entrance of the courthouse, I imagined an impressive foyer with granite tiles and an information desk right in the middle of the foyer. For the courtroom, I expected to see a large and spacious room that has a high ceiling with extravagant granite floor and marble columns on the wall. I imagined hearing the echoes of my heels hitting the floor as I walked into the room. I also expected to see long, wooden benches for everyone, a podium in the middle of the room, and the judge’s seat high and grand for everyone to see. Now, looking back at my original expectations, it seems like I wanted to walk into the Basilica du Sacrà © CÅ“urShow MoreRelatedDay-To-Day Realities of Criminal Proceedings in the Downing Centre Local Courts 1417 Words   |  6 Pages Empirical research consisting of simple observation of the day-to-day realities of criminal proceedings in the Downing Centre Lo cal Courts, and the completion of systematic fieldwork notes intends to address the complex nature of justice. With specific regard to the operation of the local court system and its key players, the impact of the criminal justice system on those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged and particularly those without legal representationRead More Galileo Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesrealizes that his ties to Cosimo’s court, he taught the Grand Duke when he was younger, could be used to his advantage. The medium for his objective was The Sidereal Messenger. This treatise gives a direct dedication to Cosimo and his court with the hope that he will gain its favor and â€Å"patronage from the ruler of his native land.† It is also the medium through which he conveys his advocacy of the Copernican system, particularly using his telescopically enhanced observations of the moon’s irregular surfaceRead MoreThe New South Wales ( Nsw ) Criminal Justice System1557 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesIntroduction The New South Wales (NSW) criminal justice system has been separated into â€Å"two tiers of justice†. The two tiers of justice involve the separation of lower and higher courts, where the lower courts are comprised of Local courts and the higher courts are comprised of District and Supreme courts. The local courts role lies mainly in exercising summary jurisdiction whereas more serious indictable offences are dealt with in higher courts. However, there is more than just a jurisdictional divideRead MoreThe New South Wales Criminal Justice System1385 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, as described by leading critic Doreen McBarnet as the ‘two tiers of justice’, has attracted many critiques namely the ideology of triviality, summary offence punishment and other legal notions such as technocratic justice. I have applied the above concepts during the course of my observation to Local, District and Supreme Courts of New South Wales in April 2016. The following repo rt will assess the validity of the above concepts at a practical level in light with my observation and researchRead MoreCriminal Justice Systems And Its Effect On Parole Board1711 Words   |  7 PagesVictoria criminal justice systems , are designed to regulate members’ attitudes in the society, implement law and order, and to bring those offenders who commit crimes before the court of justice. In the assessment paper, observation was conducted through a range of scholarly research/ newspaper reports, articles, The age, Herald Sun, Victorian General news wires. Critical analysis , was also conducted to different issues, thus; Victorian government tougher sentencing on crimes to implementRead MoreThe Supreme Court Of Victoria1015 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of this report, visits have been made to the Supreme Court of Victoria on Thursday, 3rd of March 2016. The Supreme Court is located at 210 William Street, Melbourne. The court visits are an essential experience for students taking part in law studies to further familiarise with the Australian court system through actual participation in court proceedings. This report will aim to provide a reflective discussion on the experiences and observations encountered at the Supreme Court visits and alsoRead Morecourt analysis Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesSupreme Court of Victoria. This paper will outline a selection of many pressing issues noticed throughout my observation, more specifically those regarding the law and language in legal arenas along with symbolic and architectural traditions that reinforce prejudice towards those from a low socio-economic background and ethnic minority groups. Furthermore, it will argue how symbolism, architecture and practices within a court are in place to create a power dynamic and reinforce the courts British-westernRead MoreFraud Paper1704 Words   |  7 Pagesembezzlement case in civil court and criminal court, and 2) discuss the role of an expert witness/fraud examiner in each proceeding. There are two major factions of the United States court system: civil cases and criminal cases. Both take place in courtrooms all across the country, but there are several differences that separate the two as well as the role of fraud examiner in each proceeding. The major difference of the two in an embezzlement case is: 1) In a criminal court case, the opposing partiesRead MoreProsecuting Juveniles In Adult Court1510 Words   |  7 Pages Prosecuting Juveniles in Adult Court Kimberly Washington Introduction to Statistics for Criminal Justice Ayana Conway, Ph.D., Assistant Professor September 30, 2013 Abstract This research paper will examine whether or not juveniles that commit violent crimes should be tried as an adult. Through research, I will establish an argument that children who commit the crimes of an adult should be punished as an adult. Data based on experience and observation detailing the number of juvenileRead MorePublic Health Issues Are Concerns On How To Protect The1749 Words   |  7 Pagesvictim to their healthy condition. Public health also focuses on the concern of the victims engaged in an on-going relationship with the use of illegal substances and how that on-going relationship will affect the user in the future. Public health observations focus on the medical orientation and preventive concerns of the victims rather than the offenders. The public health professionals may care less for the offenders if the victim does not get hurt or injuries are involved. One matter that may surprise

The Collegiate Dance Teams United Together - 1060 Words

Helen Samuel Extravadance November 21, 2014 Dare To On the evening of November 21st, the Collegiate dance teams united together again to put on an amazing performance. Ballroom, world, contemporary and specialty teams came together in a swirl of colorful costumes and dazzling lights to stun and impress the audience in the Kirkham auditorium. As the lights blacked out signaling the end of the opening piece, four ladies, stunningly arrayed in blue, black and rhinestones, lined the center of the stage. Music blared from the speakers and the four started into synchronized steps that begin the dance. Daring to represent as the title suggested the four were joined by their partners only to trade places with four other couples.†¦show more content†¦I truly felt the excitement not just of performing but I could tell the audience was enjoying watching us dance as well. The sharp clean arms and the high energy level of the dance all portrayed a sense of fun and excitement. Much like the feeling one experiences before or during an actual party, the dance felt like a group of friends out for a night a club, just with a lot more synchronicity. However, the night was far from over. A spotlight focused on a single couple started the next piece. Chiming piano chords echoed almost eerily through the auditorium as the soloist began to move. Soon two other couples joined them with two more coming on from the sides. Enveloped in flowing white and pink gowns five couples glided across the floor. Soft music accompanied graceful chassà ©s and turns. Circle and line formations gave the feeling that even though time moves on there are some memories that can never be forgotten. The couples worked together with precise technique and practiced grace to tell a story of longing love. The dancers dared to remember, as the title insists, the pain of losing love. Expressive arm movements and sections where only the ladies were dancing further advanced this image and shared the emotion with the audience. Balancà ©s and swirling skirts gave the dance a beautiful and almost ephemeral quality. Incredibly touching the dancers’ grace crea ted a nostalgic feeling that was reminiscent of dreams. It was almost as if the audience was

Electronic Commerce and Global Impact - 951 Words

BTEC Level 4/5 HNC/HND in Computing and Systems Development Assignment 2012-13 Unit 1 – business skills for e-commerce Student Name: | | Assignment: | Assignment 2 – ‘E-Solutions’ – The Impact of E-Commerce | Hand Out Date: | W/B 24 September 2012 | Hand In Date: | W/B 21 January 2013 | Assessor: | Sue Brandreth | Internal Verifier: | Paula Hobday | This assignment brief has been verified as fit for purpose:- IV Signature: IV Date: | Grading criteria - To achieve each grade the evidence must show that the learner is able: For a Pass to: | | LO1 Understand the structure and aims of business organisations | | 1.1 assess an organisation’s core business functions | | 1.2†¦show more content†¦You are expected to undertake research on this subject (using books from the Library, and resources available on the Internet – including your tutor’s website at http://www.bedford-college.co.uk/courses). Any sources of information should be listed as references at the end of your document and these sources should be referenced within the text of your document. Your report should be illustrated with screen-prints, images, tables, charts and/or graphics. Assessor’s Comments: | Student Name: | | Criteria | Assessor’s Comments | Achieved | 2.1 | Task 1 – Analyse the impact, including the risks, of introducing an ecommerce system to an organisation | | 2.1 | | Assessor s Signature: | | Date: | | Candidate s Signature: | | Date: | | TASK 2 2.2 - Discuss the global impact of e-commerce on society | 2.2 | Hand In Date: W/B 21 January, 2013 | Your manager at ‘E-Solutions’, has been asked to deliver a presentation at a national Digital Marketing conference to be held in a month’s time. The subject will be ‘The Global Impact of ECommerce on Society’.’ The audience will largely comprise professional marketers specialising in the digital market, web developers and e-commerce consultants. He has asked you to conduct extensive research on this topic and to produce a presentation. Your presentation should include case studies, statistics andShow MoreRelatedInternational Barriers to E-commerce Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesBarriers to E-commerce Aravind Alluri Abstract In the recent years, the internet has been known for an impressive evolution, having a major impact on all aspects of life esp., e-commerce (EC). This paper mainly explains the EC and also identifies the various international barriers to e-commerce and they can be evaluated for EC success. Introduction E-commerce is a combination of three different areas of study, namely technology, business and law/policy. EC is a kind of electronic medium for tradingRead MoreImpact Of E Commerce On International Trade Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesE-COMMERCE ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE MUKESHV.M , (MCom,MBA Finanace,MPhil) Assistant Professor In Commerce And Management Studies, Mar Osthastheos College (Affiliated To University Of Calicut) Perumpilavu,Kunnamkulam,Thrissur-680519Ph:04885 282000Mob:9895617021Email:Mukeshmurli640@Gmail.Com Abstract The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of E-Commerce on international trade . electronic commerce offers economy wide benefits to all countries. The gains are likely to be concentratedRead MoreImpacts Of Technology E Commerce1471 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Impact of Technology in Business – E-Commerce Since the introduction of the Internet in the 1950’s, development of technology began for use by the military until it was soon introduced to the public for commercial and private use. Throughout the decades ever since, technology was then on the road to sudden rapid expansion, with a big boom in new hardware, software and internet capabilities such as faster computer speeds, faster internet connections and efficient software. Convenient services appearedRead MoreTechnology Makes the World Smaller1697 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology Make the World Smaller Office 2004 Test Drive User Table of Contents Commerce 4 Dell6 Ebay 7 E-cash8 Work Cited11 Footnotes12 Technology Makes the World Smaller The international marketplace is changing very fast every day. E-commerce and E-Business is now one of the standard ways to do business. The Internet has opened up vast opportunities for business to tap into new markets all over the world. The use of the Internet removes all geographical constraints, permits the instant establishmentRead MoreE-Commerce Security Issues860 Words   |  3 PagesE-Commerce Security Issues The new electronic interdependence recreates the world in the image of a global village. (From The Medium is the Message) Historical Glimpse Marshall McLuhan was the first person to popularize the concept of a global village, and to predict its social effects. His insights fundamentally changed how everyone has thought about media, technology, and communications ever since. He chose the phrase global village to highlight his insight that an electronic nervous systemRead MoreThe Effects Of E Commerce On Global Trade1524 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of E-commerce i n Global Trade Introduction E-commerce is a term describing a new and innovative more efficient way of doing business completely by use of the internet, to conduct trade dealings both on a national and global scale. E-commerce offers a different mode of performing trade throughout the world without the need for tangible contact between the buyer and seller. The new transaction mode of purchasing and supplying goods has become explosive in terms of efficiency, competitivenessRead MoreEssay Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) and the Global Economy1178 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic Commerce (E-Commerce) and the Global Economy Introduction The world we live in today, revolves around technology, new innovations and constant change. The global economy incorporates these changes into its daily applications forming a technological driven world where businesses thrive on information and competitive markets. Computers and communication networks have planted a seed in this information age where enterprises flourish forming revolutionized market economies. OneRead MoreE Commerce1203 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, is a type of industry where buying and selling of product or service is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerceRead MoreImpacts Of E- Commerce On Developed And Developing Countries.1296 Words   |  6 Pages Impacts of E-commerce on developed and developing countries Chahat Singla NAIT Bachelor of Technology in technology management Applied Research Methods (RSCH3000) Contact: chahatsingla10@gmail.com Introduction E-Commerce is a method for working together exchanges by means of the web. It deals with establishing customer to buyer relations, business to business (B2B) purchasing and offering. It involves exchanging items or administration using computers. There are many advantages and disadvantagesRead MoreThe Impact Of Privacy On Online Purchase Decisions Essay723 Words   |  3 PagesJournal of Marketing, 61(2): 35-51. Donthu, N., and Garcia, A. (1999). The internet shopper. Journal of Advertising Research, 39(3): 52-58. Egelman, S., Tsai, J., Cranor, L., and Acquisti, A. (2004). Studying the impact of privacy information on online purchase decisions. Carnegie Mellon University, pp. 2. Gefen, D., and Silver, M. (1999). Lessons learned from the successful adoption of an ERP system. Proceedings of the 5th international Conference of the Decision Sciences Institute (pp.1054-1057)

Charles Dickens Great Expectations - 1669 Words

Charles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the great empathy with which he regarded the poor people of his time. His name was Charles Dickens. The Victorian Era was a time of social upheaval, booming manufacturing industries, and new worldviews on many topics. For the rich it was generally a prosperous time, but the poor and destitute were subject to many vulgar occupations and experiences (English Victorian Society). Dickens himself underwent numerous hard times, and showed his understanding for the impoverished in his collection of books. A large portion of Dickens inspiration for his works, namely Great Expectations, Nicholas Nickelby, and Oliver Twist, came from his own childhood and adolescence. He was born Charles John Huffam Dickens to parents John and Elizabeth on February 7, 1812. Charles was the second of their eight children. When he was a child, his family employed two servants. One was named Mary Weller and she was instrumental in Charles life. She told himShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1344 Words   |  6 Pagessomething that is not what they truly need? Often, they use social class to fill a void in their lives that can not be filled by materiali stic possessions. Many people realize this, but it is often too late. Charles Dickens demonstrates the effects of social climbing in his novel, Great Expectations. This novel explores the connections and effects of human nature and society, which are the two most powerful forces that guide people’s decisions. Some may say that social climbing is good, but as will beRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardships provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectat ions by Charles Dickens1285 Words   |  6 PagesAP Great Book Assignment: Great Expectations The 544-page, Bildungsroman novel, Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is considered a classic because it has stood the test of time, appealing to generation after generation of readers while still remaining relevant to them. Published in 1861, Dickens created a coming-of-age story that is similar to his other novel, David Copperfield, but Great Expectations is considered to have reflected parts of his own life. There are several parallels betweenRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginni ng of the novel. From the opening of

Bioinformatics Interdisciplinary Comprising-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Bioinformatics Interdisciplinary Comprising? Answer: Introducation Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field comprising of genetics, molecular biology, mathematics, statistics and computer science. This field can simply be envisioned as a merger between biology, information technology (IT) and computer (Can, 2014). Primarily, bioinformatics aims to facilitate the discovery and characterisation of new biological insights and design a global viewpoint from which unifying biological principles can be discerned. Bioinformatics has three fundamental sub-disciplines, which are pursued by bioinformaticians globally. Firstly, the creation of new statistics and algorithms that can be used to identify relations among individual members of large data sets (Chiang, 2009). Secondly, it is the evaluation and elucidation of different kinds of data such as nucleotides and amino acids, protein structures, and protein domains. The lastly sub-discipline is the creation and application of tools that allow for systematic assessment and organisation of various types o f biological information. Evidently, the definition and understanding of bioinformatics are not universal globally. Researchers, however, agree that bioinformatics is the creation of advanced information as well as computational technologies management for solving biological problems (Wightman Hark, 2012). As a result, this field entails the storage, retrieval, evaluation and interpretation of biological data. There are four steps in deriving a bioinformatics solution. The initial step entails the collection of statistics from biological data. In the second stage, a computational model is built. Next, the computational modelling problem is solved. The fourth step entails testing and evaluation of a computational algorithm (Can, 2014). Types of biological data Various types of biological data are used in bioinformatics including nucleic acids, structures of biological molecules (mainly 3D structures), biochemical pathways, gene expression profiles, and phylogenetic data (Rigden, Fernndez-Surez, Galperin, 2016). The two kinds of nucleotides are (DNA) and (RNA). DNA is the building block of life otherwise known as genetic material. It is the material that is inherited and passed from one generation to the other. Structures of biological molecules are important to biologists, since macromolecules handle most functions of the cells. Bioinformatics has a specific focus on the three-dimensional structures of macromolecules. Gene expression profiling entails the measurement of the expression of thousands of genes at a short time to design a global picture of cellular function. DNA mediates the synthesis of RNA, and controls protein synthesis through RNA, which is a process known as gene expression. Gene expression profiling can show cells that are actively, or exhibit how particular cells react to a given treatment. In gene expression profiling, an entire genome can be measured simultaneously meaning that every gene in a given cell can be characterised. Several transcriptomics technologies are used to generate the essential data for evaluation. DNA microarrays are designed to measure the relative activity of already pinpointed target genes. Sequence based techniques such as RNA-Seq, offer informa tion on the sequences of genes plus their expression level. Mantione and colleagues predict that RNA-Seq will form the future of data collection in bioinformatics (Mantione, et al., 2014). Another kind of data that is used in bioinformatics is biochemical pathways. Biochemical pathways are a series of interlinked chemical reactions happening in a cell. Metabolites are the primary reactants on metabolic pathways, and various specific enzymes catalyze the reactions. In metabolic pathways, the products of one enzyme act as the substrates for the next. Specific metabolic pathways occur based on the certain position in a eukaryotic cell and the importance of the metabolic pathways in the particular compartment of the cell. For example, oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain happens in the mitochondrial membrane (Campbell, Farrell, McDougal, 2016). On the other hand, fatty acid biosynthesis, glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway take place in the cytosol of a cell (Voet, Voet, W, 2013). Phylogenetic data is also of great importance to biologists. Phylogeny is crucial in bioinformatics because it expounds knowledge and delineates how genes, genomes and species evolve. For instance, phylogenetic data has been used to successfully study the evolution of genomes and genes in drosophila (Clark, et al., 2007). Molecular sequences are the main focus in phylogeny. Molecular biologists assert that phylogenetic data can be used to trace the evolution of a certain sequence to the current date, and even in the prediction of how the sequence will change in the future. These data sets are stored in various biological databases. The biological databases are categorized based on the specific data they hold. Currently, there are databases for nucleotides, proteins, protein structures, and genomes maps. Two of the commonly used biological databases are the Universal Protein Resource (UniPort) and European Nucleotide Archive (ENA). UniPort is a resource for functional annotation and protein sequences (UniProt Consortium, 2008). These biological databases contain complete sets of nucleotide and protein sequences from all organisms that have been published (deposited) by the international research community. There are, however, specialized biological database such as organism specific and functional databases. Organism specific databases contain sequences of data from different organisms such as human and mouse. On the other hand, functional databases include vector database and TRANSFAC: Transcription factors. Specific examples of bioinformatics application Mactol is a bioinformatics tool that has been developed to enhance early detection of cancer. Mactol helps in the identification of protein and DNA colocalisation visualised through fluorescence microscopy. The development of this tool was motivated by the fact that pixel intensity-based coefficients cannot be used to study object-based colocalisation in biological systems (Khushi, et al., 2017). Matloob Khushi, who developed this tool, acknowledged that single image analysis is slow and takes many hours. Thus, this novel innovation can succeed manual co-localisation counting (Australian Cancer Research Foundation, 2017). Besides, it can be used in many biological areas. The tool automates the traditional quantification task and can quantify multiple, possibly hundreds of images automatically in a short time. Mactol identifies regions of fluorescent signal in two channels, determines the co-located sections of these regions and calculates the statistical significance of the colocalis ation (CMRI, 2017). The features of Matcol allow users to view an area of interest and customise several parameters to analyse the region of interest completely. Unlike traditional tools that focus on pixel intensity-based correlation, Matcol is meant to visualise object-based colocalisation. It has a threshold multiplier that filters the background. Cannistraci and colleagues note that the removal of background minimises the visualisation of false-positive signals (Cannistraci, Montevecchi, Alessio, 2009). This bioinformatics tools is a breakthrough in cancer detection and might assist researchers in designing novel therapies to treat cancer in its early stages. Genomic Target Scan (GT-Scan) GT-Scan is an online bioinformatics tool (web-based) that organises the possible targets in a user-chosen section of a genome based on the number of off-targets available (OBrien Bailey, 2014). This bioinformatics tool offers the users flexibility to determine the required attributes of targets as well as off-targets through a straightforward -target rule-. In addition, GT-Scan delivers an interactive output allowing for comprehensive scrutiny of all the potential candidate targets. GT-Scan is mainly used to distinguish the most favourable targets for (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) CRISPR/Cas systems (OBrien Bailey, 2014). However, the tool can be used for other genome-targeting techniques because it is highly flexible. GT-Scan utilizes the basic idea of genome targeting. The initial stage in the successful operations of a genome targeting technique is to determine the potential target or targets with the section of interest that possess the least number of off-targets. In some instances, the potential target might be a gene, promoter or exon. The classical targets are sub-sequences within the desired part that have no similar copies in another section within the genome. An attribute that makes GT-Scan reliable is the interactive output. The interactivity of the output enables the users to evaluate a potential target and the traits of is possible off-target. These include points of incongruous, number of incongruous and even genomic location. Currently, the web site support targets selections in over 25 Ensembl genomes (OBrien Bailey, 2014). When using the GT-Scan, researchers choose a suitable genome from a list and submit a DNA sequence of the genomic section in which they want to determine ideal targets. Several options are available to the users based on how they want to perform the identification. A user can select a rule-pair or design their personal customized rule-pair. A candidate target is a point in the specific genomic section that complements the target rule. In all candidate targets, the tool records the possible off-target in the genome that has less than three incongruous in the candidate targets as well as match congruous off-target s filter. Also, the researcher can independently control the number of incongruous in off-targets. In summary, GT-Scan helps users to answer two specific questions. The first question is what the ideal candidate targets in the genomic section of interest are? The second question is the number of potential off-targets in the target genome being used by the researcher (GT-Scan, n.d.). Viral Diseases Drug Australian researchers in collaboration with international partners have developed a novel drug for the treatment of common viral disease. The drug was developed following analyses of nucleotides, and gene expression profiles. In their quest to characterise the occurrence of viral diseases, the researchers found that NOX2 oxidase is activated by single stranded DNA and RNA viruses in endocytic compartments. Once triggered, NOX2 generates endosomal hydrogen peroxide, which subdues the bodys humoral and antiviral signalling networks (To, et al., 2017). As a result, the bodys ability to fight viral diseases is suppressed, and the viral infection becomes virulent. Many people experience this pathogenesis since NOX2 is found in most viral such as common cold, influenza, HIV and dengue fever. The primary research on the action of NOX2 was based on mice, and human subjects are yet to be included in the study. NOX enzyme is unavailable in prokaryotes but evolved approximately 1.5 billion years in single cell eukaryotes. The enzyme is present in eukaryotic groups such as algae, fungi, amoeba, and nematodes. After characterising the enzyme, the team of scientists designed a novel drug that proved effective in mice. Specifically, the prototype drug inhibited the effect of NOX2 oxidase in mice. The customised drug suppressed the disease caused by influenza infection. However, the drug is still undergoing development and will only be available to humans after five years. This novel viral drug developed using bioinformatics technology aims to improve the efficiency of treatment. The current treatment techniques are limited because they target circulating viruses and have an uncertain or minimal impact against new viruses that affect humans. Empirical evidence suggests that flu virus results in the hospitalisation of 13,500 Australians and results in 3000 deaths among the population aged over 50 years. Even the global burden of the flu virus is increasing. It has been found that approximately five million cases of infections are reported annually, and about 10% of these cases lead to death (Kenrick, 2017). Based on this finding, the discovery of a viral diseases drug is a major milestone towards addressing the disease burden. Meme Suite MEME Suite is a web-based and software toolkit for conducting motif-based sequences analysis and is accessible through meme-suite.org (MEME Suite, n.d.). Motif sequence inspection is important in the multiple scientific contexts. As such, Suite software is a fundamental toolkit for studying biological processes comprising of RNA, DNA and proteins. The toolkit has been used to analyse results for approximately 9800 published papers (Bailey, et al., 2015). Onset of proteomics and genomics means that many researchers will need to conduct motif analysis and thus, MEME Suite will become more important. Even before the advent of these fields of study, MEME Suite has been used widely for biological discoveries. On the web, MEME Suite contains several tools and integrated databases used to perform motif analyses. The basis of the suite is the meme motif discovery algorithm. This meme searches for the motif in unaligned collection of protein sequences, RNA and DNA. From its discovery and launch, meme continues to gain popularity in the scientific field. For instance, in 2014, the meme gained about 2014 alone unique users (Bailey, et al., 2015). The MEME Suite was developed based on the existing understanding of motif. An RNA, DNA or protein motif sequence is a small pattern that is consistent within evolutions. Ideally, a motif is conserved by the evolution. In either of these sequences, a motif might correspond to different sites. For instance, in DNA motifs might be homologous to specific protein-binding sites. On the other hand, in proteins, motifs might correspond to the active sites of enzymes. In proteins, the motif might still correspond to a structural unit essential for correct folding of the specific protein. Hence, a sequence motif is among the elementary functional units of molecular evolution. Due to these facts, determining and characterising the motif is important to designing models of cellular processes. The identification of the motifs is further important to understand the mechanisms and pathophysiology of human diseases. The MEME Suite toolkit consists of 13 tools for conducting motif discoveries, motif enhancement scrutiny, motif inspection and motif-motif correlation. The newest six tools in the MEME Suite toolkit are MCAST, DREME, MEME-ChIP, AME, CentriMO, SpaMo (Bailey, et al., 2009). When performing motif discoveries and motif enhancement, the users give a set of a unaligned protein sequence, RNA, or DNA sequence. Customarily, the sequences may be promoters of coexpressed genes or proteins with a common role. Motif discoveries locate de novo motif in the deposited sequence. A researcher can then deposit the motif instantly, to the scanning and correlation tools with the MEME Suit to determine any other protein or genomic sequence with the identified motif. This process might also aim to discern if the motif is homologous to formerly studied motif. The Suite offers a wide array of genomic and proteomic sequence databases for motif inspection and numerous motif databases for motif correlation. The MEME Suite toolkit has a flexible and straightforward user interface to facilitate fast motif analysis. All the input fields explain the specific information that is needed, how to input the information and in most cases, an example is provided. A question mark (?) guides the user to get the required help (Bailey, et al., 2015). The whole interface of the MEME toolkit is flexible and consistent. For instance, a user can input the required information in a certain field by typing or cut-and-paste or choosing a file for upload. Conclusion Australia has a huge opportunity in the growing bioinformatics industry. Specifically, there is an opportunity in leveraging the benefits of bioinformatics in medical and health research. Stakeholders across the board now assert that the importance of bioinformatics stretches beyond biotechnology into medical and health research. The application of computers and information technology to match and analyse gene sequences allows a better understanding of causes of diseases and difference in impact across different populations. The application and utilisation of these techniques will give the country a competitive advantage in the pharmaceutical industry. This paper has highlighted the Matcol tool, MEME Suite, development of viral diseases drug and GT-Scan as some of the breakthroughs in the application of bioinformatics. Although some of these applications are still in the trial stage, they are fundamental in setting the ground for major achievements through bioinformatics. Reference Australian Cancer Research Foundation. (2017, 9 12). New bioinformatics tool to improve the early detection of cancer. Retrieved 9 12, 2017, from https://acrf.com.au/news/new-bioinformatics-tool-to-improve-the-early-detection-of-cancer/ Bailey, T., Boden, M., Buske, F., Frith, M., Grant, C., Clementi, L., Noble, W. (2009). MEME SUITE: tools for motif discovery and searching. Nucleic acids research, 37(suppl_2), W202-W208. Bailey, T., Johnson, J., Grant, C., Noble, W. (2015). The MEME suite.nursing acids research, 43 (W1), W39-W49. Campbell, M. K., Farrell, S. O., McDougal, O. M. (2016). Biochemistry. Cengage Learning. Can, T. (2014). Introduction to bioinformatics. Methods Molecular Biology, 1107, 51-71. Cannistraci, C., Montevecchi, F., Alessio, M. (2009). Median-modified Wiener filter provides efficient denoising, preserving spot edge and morphology in 2-DE image processing. Proteomics, 9(1), 4908-4919. Chiang, J. H. (2009). Tech-ware: Bioinformatics and computational biology resources [Best of the Web]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 26(5), 153-158. Clark, A., Eisen, M., Smith, D., Bergman, C., Oliver, B., Markow, T., . . . Pollard, D. (2007). Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny. Nature, 450(7167), 1-56. CMRI. (2017, 9 7). Researcher Devises Tool To Speed Up Cancer Discovery. Retrieved 9 12, 2017, from https://www.cmri.org.au/News/Latest-News/CMRI-researcher-devises-tool-to-speed-up-cancer-di GT-Scan. (n.d.). GT-Scan: Identifying Unique Genomic Targets. Retrieved 9 12, 2017, from https://gt-scan.csiro.au/ Kenrick, J. (2017, 7 12). New research points to treatment breakthrough for viruses. Retrieved 9 12, 2017, from https://www.rmit.edu.au/news/all-news/2017/jul/new-research-points-to-treatment-breakthrough-for-viruses Khushi, M., Napier, C. E., Smyth, C. M., Reddel, R. R., Arthur, J. W. (2017). MatCol: a tool to measure fluorescence signal colocalisation in biological systems. Scientific Reports, 7( 8879 ), 1-9. Mantione, K., Kream, R., Kuzelova, H., Ptacek, R., Raboch, J., Samuel, J., Stefano, G. (2014). Comparing bioinformatic gene expression profiling methods: microarray and RNA-Seq. Medical science monitor basic research, 20(1), 138. MEME Suite. (n.d.). The MEME Suite. Retrieved 9 12, 2017, from https://meme-suite.org/ OBrien, A., Bailey, T. L. (2014). GT-Scan: identifying unique genomic targets. Accounting, 30(18), 26732675. Rigden, D., Fernndez-Surez, X., Galperin, M. (2016). The 2016 database issue of Nucleic Acids Research and an updated molecular biology database collection. Nucleic acids research, 44(D1), D1-D6. To, E., Vlahos, R., Luong, R., Halls, M., Reading, P., King, P., . . . Starkey, M. (2017). Endosomal NOX2 oxidase exacerbates virus pathogenicity and is a target for antiviral therapy. Nature Communications, 8(1), 69. UniProt Consortium. (2008). The universal protein resource (UniProt). Nucleic acids research, 36(suppl 1), D190-D195. Wightman, B., Hark, A. T. (2012). Integration of bioinformatics into an undergraduate biology curriculum and the impact on development of mathematical skills. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 40(5), 310-319. Voet, D., Voet, J. G., W, C. (2013). Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level . John Wiley Sons

Essay on Reading free essay sample

Reading, as important an activity as it is, is often neglected by many on their day to day lives. Being myself guilty of such far too often, it’s refreshing to read a collection of articles that tries to challenge one out of their apathy and into becoming better readers. While reading these articles, I learned much about reading, thinking, and writing; and that is the joy in reading, it makes me understand it better, and I can relate to some of the struggles the characters were going through. Sometimes I wish I were more interested in activities that are good for me, for example, reading books. I do like some books, but when it gets a little boring, I completely lose focus and struggle to concentrate again. In the article, â€Å"The Lonely Good Company of Books,† the character states that he trembles when he comes upon whole shelves of books he has not read. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Reading or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He finds so much joy in reading and I hope I am like that too one day. After reading all of these articles, I can understand everything a little better. They gave tips on how to be an affectionate reader and writer with tips and steps, even on how to learn more like the article, â€Å"Why Do American Kids Learn So Little? ,† by Ernest Van Dan Haag. He says that American children learn far less in school than European and Japanese children do. For some reason, I kind of agree with it. Every time I travel out of the country, people seem to know more than the kids here do. I didn’t know the reason for that until reading the articles. When you are reading, but really reading between lines, you make connection with the text and relate to the struggles. In â€Å"The Lonely, Good Company of Books† by Richard Rodriguez, I relate to him because at first, when he was younger, his parents would always tell him not to write on books, and that’s just like me. I never wrote on them because it would look messy and I didn’t like that at all, but now I am trying to change my ways and learn how to write on it because I know it will help me engage with what it will help me engage with what I am reading better. These articles helped me realize the importance of critical reading; not only to more clearly understand the messages an author might want discovered, but to truly be immersed in their stories, to feel real compassion for characters that may not even exist; to truly know their struggles.